<span class="OYPEnA font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none" style="color: rgb(27, 44, 81); font-kerning: none;">Academic piracy is the unauthorized utilization or dissemination of scholarly works (e.g., via platforms such as Sci-Hub and LibGen).</span>

Private military contractors are private entities that perform roles traditionally carried out by state or international organizations, such as the UN, during humanitarian crises and conflicts. An example is Blackwater's involvement in Iraq. Unlike UN peacekeeping missions, which depend on state-organized military and police forces operating under the mandate and oversight of the UN, private military contractors operate independently.

The doctrine of command responsibility is a principle in military ethics that holds superior officers legally responsible for the actions of their subordinates.

Objectivism categorizes diseases based on physiological markers and bodily malfunctions. It relies on measurable and observable symptoms, such as activated pain receptors or decreased bodily functions that were previously normal. The primary focus is on identifying and treating the physiological abnormalities that indicate the presence of a disease, such as eliminating tumors and treating fevers.

In contrast, constructivism categorizes diseases based on societal norms and value judgments. Instead of focusing solely on physical symptoms, it considers how social and cultural expectations shape our understanding of health. For example, anxiety might be diagnosed not only by physical symptoms but also by considering how the individual's behavior fits societal expectations of normalcy.

Parasocial relationships are one-sided, emotionally charged interactions where an individual feels a strong connection with a media personality, celebrity, or fictional character. These relationships often develop through repeated exposure to the media figure via television, social media, or other platforms.

 Religious pluralism is the acceptance of multiple religious beliefs within a society.

 Karmic reincarnation is the belief that an individual's actions in their current and previous lifetimes directly influence their future existences, where the moral quality of one's actions determines the conditions and nature of their subsequent lives. Positive actions lead to more favorable circumstances in future lives, while negative actions result in more challenging conditions.

Parasocial relationships are one-sided, emotionally charged interactions where an individual feels a strong connection with a media personality, celebrity, or fictional character. These relationships often develop through repeated exposure to the media figure via television, social media, or other platforms.

 Religious pluralism is the acceptance of multiple religious beliefs within a society.

Karmic reincarnation is the belief that an individual's actions in their current and previous lifetimes directly influence their future existences, where the moral quality of one's actions determines the conditions and nature of their subsequent lives. Positive actions lead to more favorable circumstances in future lives, while negative actions result in more challenging conditions.